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זָכָר: II זכר; Jerome zochor, Ex 17:14 MS זֶכֶר: MHb. man, male animal, phallus; Ug. dakaru man AfO 19:194b; Arm. (זכר and) דכר (→ BArm.) DISO 77, Arb. ḏakar, OSArb. ḏkr; Akk. zak(a)ru, zikaru (MAOG 11/1-2:23ff; CAD 21:23, 110f); etym. unknown: ? basic meaning phallus (BL 462r): זְכָרִים; commonly collective: —1. man, male person :: נְקֵבָה; זָ׳ וּנְ׳ (EgArm. Nab. JArm. Montgomery Incantation Texts 6:2f) Gn 1:27 5:2 6:19 7:2 (Sam., Sept.), 3, 9, 16 Lv 3:1, 6 12:7 15:33 Nu 5:3 Dt 4:16 Lv 27:5-7; כָּל־זָ׳ every male Gn 17:10, 12, 23 34:15, 22, 24f Ex 12:48 Lv 6:11, 22 7:6 Nu 1:2, 20, 22 3:15, 22, 28, 34, 39 18:10 26:62 31:7, 17 Ju 21:11 1K 11:15f 2C 31:19; עָרֵל זָ׳ Gn 17:14; זָ׳ Lv 12:2 Is 66:7 and בֵּן זָ׳ Jr 20:15 male child, בְּכֹר זָ׳ first-born males Nu 3:40, 43; זְכָרִים men Ex 13:12, 15 Jos 5:4 17:2 Ezr 8:3-14 2C 31:16; צַלְמֵי זָ׳ images of men (phalli ?, → זְכוּר and זִכָּרוֹן 4) Ezk 16:17; שָׁכַב אֵת זָ׳ homosexual activity Lv 18:22 20:13; מִשְׁכַּב ז׳ female sexual intercourse with a man Nu 31:17f, 35 Ju 21:11f; זָ׳ is unable to bear a child Jr 30:6; —2. male animal especially ram, meaning derived from Arm., Ex 12:5 cj. 34:19 Lv 1:3, 10 3:1 4:23 22:19 Dt 15:19, Mal 1:14 (cj. זָכֶה flawless). †
Ludwig Koehler et al., The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1994–2000), 270–271.
I אָדָם, (only abs.; ca. 540 ×, 49 × in Qoh, Dahood Qoh. 34f): MHb. אדן (Kutscher Mish. Hb. 37), Ug. adm people (|| lim = לְאֹם Is 43:4), Ph. man אדם, pl. אדמם, DISO 4; Arm. only JArm.b; mankind; OSArb. slave > Arb. (ibn) ʾādam man, Tigr. ʾaddām (Wb. 384a) mankind; etym. unc., אָדֹם red (VG 2:48; Pedersen Berytus 6:72) or Arb. ʾadam skin (Bauer ZA 28:310f): mankind-man-Adam (→ II) (Koehler Theol. 113f; ThZ 1:77f; Pedersen Isr. 1-2, 61f, 110; Vriezen Par. 130ff); → אֱנוֹשׁ: —1. coll. mankind, people, a) construed with pl.: זָֽעֲקוּ הָא׳ Jr 47:2, כָּל־א׳ חָזוּ Jb 36:25, b) usually construed with sg. Dt 8:3 1S 25:29 Is 2:20; c) → בֵּן 4; בְּנֵי א׳ (38 ×) Dt 32:8 and בְּנֵי הָא׳ (9 ×, Da 10:16 rd. בֶּן־א׳) Gn 11:5 individual men = males, like בְּנוֹת א׳ women Gn 6:2, 4; בֶּן־א׳ individual man (like בֶּן־בָּקָר, → בֵּן 4) Ezk 2:1-47:6 (ca. 90 ×) and Nu 23:19 Is 51:12 56:2 Jr 49:18, 33 50:40 51:43 Ps 8:5 80:18 146:3 Jb 16:21 (rd. וּבֵין בֶּן־) 25:6 35:8 Da 8:17 cj. 10:16; בַּת א׳ not found; d) in cs. phrases: of man, human: לֵב א׳ Gn 8:21, יְדֵי א׳ Dt 4:28 (8 ×), דַּם א׳ Gn 9:6; כְּסִיל א׳ a fool of a man Pr 15:20, פֶּרֶא א׳ Gn 16:12 (GK §128 l); e) in apposition (GK §131b) א׳ בְּלִיַּעַל men who are corrupters = corruptively Pr 6:12, cf. א׳ רשׁעה 1QS 119; f) with negation: א׳ … לֹא Ps 105:14 and א׳ לֹא Lv 16:17 Jb 32:21 nobody, אֵין א׳ no man 2C 6:36; —2. individual man (late and sporadic, in most cases the collective interpretation is possible): בְּאָ׳ (touch) somebody Lv 22:5 אָ׳ כִּי if somebody Lv 13:2 Nu 19:14, הָאָ׳ לָאָ׳ one to the other Pr 27:19; —3. Gn 1-5: 1:26-30 coll. mankind (Boehmer ZAW 34:31ff; in Gn 2f, trad. the first man like הָאִישׁ; coll. also in Gn 2f (cj. 2:20b and 3:17b and 21, rd. לָאָ׳ cf. 3:20) 5:1b, 2 :: 4:25 5:1a, 3-5, → III אָדָם —rd. אֲרָם Ju 18:7, 28 Is 22:6 Zech 9:1 (:: Zolli VT 5:90f) and Ps 76:11 (→ חֲמָת); 1K 5:11 ? rd. הָאֲדֹמִים :: Noth Könige 82, Dt 20:19 rd. הֶאדם(: הֲ), 1S 17:32 rd. אֲדֹנִי (Sept.); ? Is 43:4 rd. אֲדָמוֹת, 47:3 rd. אָמַר (conn. with גֹּאֲלֵנוּ verse 4), Jr 51:14 ? rd. אֹיְבִים (Rudolph); Hos 6:7 rd. (III) בְּאָדָם, Zech 13:5 rd. (קִנְיָנִי) אֲדָמָה; Ps 17:4 rd. דָם (Gunkel), Pr 30:14 rd. מֵאֲדָמָה.
Ludwig Koehler et al., The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1994–2000), 14.
I אִישׁ (2160 ×), אִשׁ cj. Ezk 8:2, Jerome eis, his, is BL 616d; MHb.; אישׁ Lach., אשׁ Siloam, Moab., Ph. (Poenulus 935 ys); OArm., Zakir, Yaud., Sef., EgArm., Pehl., Palm. (1 ×, Rosenthal Spr. 99) Hatra (DISO 26); OSArb. ʾ(y)s someone, anybody ZAW 75:306; etym. unc., ? I אשׁשׁ (Elliger Fschr. Alt 1:100f): cs. id.; sffx. אִישִׁי (Jerome issi), pl. later אִישִׁים Is 53:3 Ps 141:4 (v.i.) Pr 8:4 † (only this form in Ph., Pun.), in all other instances אֲנָשִׁים (: אנשׁ), אַנְשֵׁי, Jb 34:10 Len. אַנְשֵׁי, אֲנָשָׁיו, אַנְשֵׁיהֶם: —1. man (:: woman אִשָּׁה Gn 2:24 Lv 15:18, also said of animals Gn 7:2 :: animal Ex 11:7 Ps 22:7; :: God Gn 32:29 Nu 23:19 Hos 11:9, אֵל = לֹא אִישׁ Is 31:8 Jb 9:32 32:13; procreator Qoh 6:3, male child Gn 4:1, זֶרַע אֲנָשִׁים male offspring 1S 1:11, = manly one 1S 4:9 26:15 1K 2:2; —2. husband Gn 3:6, 16 16:3 29:32, 34 Lv 21:7 Nu 30:7, אִישׁ חֵיקָהּ Dt 28:56, metaph. God :: people Hos 2:18; —3. indication of rank: a) בְּנֵי אִישׁ the distinguished people Ps 4:3 49:3; b) governor of lower rank, amēlu in EA, Taanach, Mari: אִישׁ טוֹב || מֶלֶךְ 2S 10:6, 8 (Jirku ZAW 62:319); —4. human being: אַמַּת אִישׁ common cubit Dt 3:11, שֵׁבֶט אֲנָשִׁים rod used by men 2S 7:14; בְּנֵי אִישׁ sons of man, mortals Ps 62:10 (|| בְּנֵי אָדָם :: Ps 49:3, → Cazelles OTS 13:141f, אֶרֶץ לֹא־אִישׁ void of men || מִדְבָּר Jb 38:26; —5. אִישׁ indicates a position, occupation, public office; a) with apposition: אִישׁ כֹּהֵן Lv 21:9 , אִ׳ נָבִיא Ju 6:8, אִ׳ סָרִיס Jr 38:7, אִ׳ שַׂר וְשׁוֹפֵט Ex 2:14 הָאִ׳ אֲדֹנֵי הָאָרֶץ Gn 42:30; b) with genitive: אִישׁ הָאֲדָמָה farmer Gn 9:20, אַנְשֵׁי אֳנִיּוֹת sailors 1K 9:27, אַ׳ מִלְחָמָה warriors Jl 2:7, אַ׳ מוֹפֵת bearers of foreboding Zech 3:8, אַ׳ הַשֵּׁם men of renown Gn 6:4, א׳ בְּשֹׂרָה messenger 2S 18:20 א׳ מַתָּן generous Pr 19:6, → אִ׳ הַבֵּנַיִם champion 1S 17:4, א׳ רֵעִים everybody’s friend Pr 18:24, אִ׳ חֶרְמִי the man under my ban 1K 20:42; אִ׳ חַיִל → חַיִל 2b; —6. אִישׁ אֱלֹהִים man of God: אִישׁ הָא׳ only in those instances where the combination is determined, 1S 9:7f :: 9:6; 1K 13:4ff :: 13:1; no exact indication of rank; originally as Arb. ḏū ʾilāhin owner of a mind, inspired being (Hölscher Profeten 1271 :: Junker Proph. 77f; Haldar 126ff); honorific description of someone especially near to God, Lindblom 60f, 73; Noth Personennamen 138f; a) prophets, || נָבִיא and seers: Samuel 1S 9:6-10, Elijah 1K 17:18, 24 2K 1:9-13; Elisha 2K 4:7-13:19; שְׁמַעְיָה 1K 12:22 2C 11:2, חָנָן Jr 35:4; nameless 1S 2:27; 1K 13:1-31 + 2K 23:16f; 1K 20:28; 2C 25:7, 9; b) in a broader sense: Moses Dt 33:1 Jos 14:6 Ps 90:1 Ezr 3:2 1C 23:14 2C 30:16; David Neh 12:24, 36 2C 8:14; c) Ju 13:6, 8 man sent by God (? dl. אֱלֹהִים: Budde KHComm. 95). † —7. אֲנָשִׁים in association with someone: אַנְשֵׁי הַבַּיִת the servants Gn 39:11, אַ׳ דָוִד David’s men 1S 23:3, אַ׳ הָאָרֶץ the inhabitants Lv 18:27, of a town Ezr 2:22-28; —8. אִישׁ / אַנְשֵׁי indicates association within a community: אַ׳ נִינְוֵה Jon 3:5 אַ׳ יִשְׂרָאֵל men of Israel 1S 7:11; אִ׳ עִבְרִי a Hebrew, אִ׳ מִצְרִי Ex 2:11 אִ׳ יְהוּדִי Zech 8:23; coll. אִ׳ יְהוּדָה the men of Judah Is 5:3, אִ׳ יִשְׂרָאֵל Jos 9:6 (:: Grintz JAOS 86:117ff: the oldest) Ju 7:23 :: a man of Israel Ju 7:14; —9. אִישׁ somebody, impersonal Gn 13:16 Ex 12:4 16:19, 2S 16:23 (Q without K), לֹא … אִ׳ Gn 23:6 and א׳ … לֹא Jos 10:8 and אַל … אִ׳ Ex 16:19 nobody אֵין אִ׳ none Gn 39:11; אֲנָשִׁים some Ex 16:20; —10. אִישׁ each: חֲלֹמוֹ Gn 40:5, אִ׳ תַּחְתָּיו each man in his place Ex 16:29; הָאִישׁ everyone 1S 26:23 † (= אֲנִי ?, cf. JArmg ההוא גברא, Dalman Gr. 108f); —11. to express reciprocity: each other אִ׳ אָחִיו Gn 9:5, אִ׳ אִישׁוֹ 1K 20:20, אִ׳ רֵעֵהוּ and אִ׳ קְרֹבוֹ: Ex 32:27, with אֶל (Kuhr 14f); —12. every = each one in his turn: לְאִ׳ every man’s Jr 23:36 (alt. each one’s, as 10); אִ׳ אִישׁ Lv 17:13 and אִ׳ וְאִישׁ Ps 87:5 and אִ׳ וָאִישׁ Est 1:8 every man, whoever he may be (Striedl ZAW 55:74); —1S 17:12 rd. בַּשָׁנִים; 1K 10:15 rd. עָנְשֵׁי (: עֹנֶשׁ); Jr 20:16 ? rd. הַיּוֹם; Ez 24:17 and 22 rd. אֹנִים (: אֹנֶה); Mi 6:10 rd. הַאֶשֶּׁה (: נשׁה); Ps 37:37f rd. יָשָׁר; 64:7 prp. נֹאָשׁ (: יאשׁ nif.); 141:4 rd. בַּל אֵשֵׁ[ב עִ]ם for אֶת־אִישִׁים; Pr 18:24 → אִשׁ; 2C 9:7 rd. נָשֶׁיךָ; 2C 9:14 rd. אַנְשֵׁי הַתָּרִים travelling people: 1K 10:15 → Rudolph :: BH.
Der. n.m. אִישׁוֹן *אָשִׁישׁ אִישׁ־בֹשֶׁת אִישְׁהוֹד אֶשְׁבַּעַל (?), יִשָׂשכָר (?), יִשְׁבַּעַל. †
Ludwig Koehler et al., The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1994–2000), 43–44.